Marketing is the process Essay Example

Marketing is the process Essay Marketing is the process used to make it as easy as possible to get the potential customer to buy your product or use their service. Market research is researching what people think about products and services. Market research is researching what e.g sells the best. You benefit from the research. Market research is either primary or secondary. Primary research is finding information that doesnt exist already. An example of primary research is questionnaires, telephone surveys, product resting and working with consumer groups. Advantages are that it provides data that is up to date, relevant and specific to you products. Secondary research is useful for looking at the whole market, and analysing past trends to predict the future. Its research on information that already exists. It involves looking at things like market research reports, or magazines and newspapers. Advantages are that its cheaper than primary research, the data is found easily and its instantly available. I will be using primary research as I will be looking for original information. I have rejected secondary because the information I would gather would be of existing cafes, so there would be no point because I would be basing my cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ on other cafes. I want to see what their opinions are on cafes today to see if I can make changes and improvements to attract customers to my cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. For my research, I have written a questionnaire. Normallu, questionnaires are designed to find out what customers want from a service or product. My aim is to ask people who often eat in cafes or coffee bars. I have taken into account the disadvantages of using this method. These include: We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing is the process specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing is the process specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing is the process specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * The information may be inaccurate. * You dont know whom you could be asking. * People may not want to give up their time and may not take it seriously. I have put together a questionnaire to which I shall ask about 10-20 people. From this questionnaire, I will be able to analyse the publics opinion and apply it to my service. I shall take into account what they have said, and what they would like to see changed. I start off the questionnaire by using more specific questions about the person to know if they are the sorts of people Id like to ask. The questions then go into more detail. Questionnaire 1. Have you ever been to a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½? Yes.. No I asked this question to know if the information this person has is useful or not. 2. What do you look for in a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½? I asked this to get a general idea of what is important to this person. 3. Do you work in the centre of town? Yes.. No. As I am looking to run my business in the centre of town, this question will tell me if this person is the kind I would be selling my service to. 4. Do you make lunch from home? Yes.. No.. As Im aiming for my cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to be used as a place where working people can come to buy their lunch or to have a coffee, I need to know if the person being questioned would use it for this purpose. 5. What cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ do you regularly go to if at all? I asked this to get an insight on what type of place this person likes. 6. When you go to a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, what do you usually buy? . This question will help me to see what foods are most important to customers. 7. Why would you use the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½? .. This will show me the why they use cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, and to tell me what most people use them for. E.g. if people were to use it for parties, then I would know how to make more business. 8. Do you usually go to a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in your lunch hour? Yes no. This will tell me how many people actually attend cafes at this time. 9. Which of the following is most important to you in a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½? (tick 2) Hot drinks- e.g. coffee Snacks- e.g. Sandwiches, cakes, cookies Hot food- e.g. soup, potatoes. This will tell me which foods are most important to customers. 10. Do you ever buy hot food in a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½? If yes, give example. If the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ you regularly attend doesnt serve hot food, would you like that to be changed? Yes .. No. Would you like change? Yes. No. This will show me peoples opinions on hot food in cafes and if people find it important. 11. What is your favourite sandwich? This will give me an idea on which sandwiches will sell the most. 12. Do you prefer hot drinks or cold or both? Hot Cold Both. This question shows me what type of drink appeals most to the customers. 13. How much would you be willing to pay for Coffee/ Hot chocolate. Sandwich.. Piece of cake. Bowl of Soup.. By asking this question, I will know what customers will be willing to pay, and it will give me a rough idea on how much I should be selling my products for. 14. Do you prefer lots of choice, or simple. E.g. Yellow cheese/ Orange cheese or just cheese? Choice.. Simple Some people find it frustrating when there is so much choice, because they dont really care. So by asking this question, I will know what people prefer and if its an advantage or not to have choice. 15. Do you feel you can relax in cafes today? Yes No This question will give me ideas on how to improve from what there already is. 16. Do you think there are too many cafes that are too similar and you would like to see change? . This will give tell me if people are happy with what cafes are today, and if I should make my cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ original, or if I would have more customers if I make my cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ similar to present cafes. 17. What would you like to see changed? . By having ideas of what people want, I can apply it to my business to attract more customers. These were the results to my questionnaire. I asked 10 people of different ages and back rounds. 1. What do you look for in a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½? From these results, I gathered the four main points that people look for in a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ are that they have reasonable prices, a relaxed atmosphere, good quality food and drinks and that they are clean. Out of just these points, the fundamental point for customers is good quality food and drinks. So to attract more customers, I will have to sell good quality food and drink. I also aim to have a relaxed atmosphere and for my cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to be completely safe and clean. 2.Do you work in the centre of town? Yes No 3.Do you make lunch from home? Yes No Most people do make lunch from home, but there are still a fair amount who buy from cafes in town. 4. Have you ever been to a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½? Yes No Everyone I asked has been to a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ at least once. 5. What Cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ do you regularly go to, if at all? The most popular cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is Starbucks. Starbucks is a very popular successful business that will be large competitors. They are very well known. This could be a threat; I will have to compete with Starbucks and find ways to attract as many or more customers. I also know that this is the type of cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ most people like. 6.When you go to a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ what do you usually buy? These results show me that hot drinks are the most important to customers. They are definitely the most popular. This means hot drinks at my cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ are essential. Proper meals arent as popular, so they are not as important. 7. Why do you use the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½? From these results, I know why people use cafes and what sort of market Im looking at. Ill know who is most likely to use my cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, and this will help me see if the location for my cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is suitable. I can see that most people like to use cafes to relax and to take a break. This means that the location my cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is in is suitable, near the centre of town, because thats where working people are, and when they take a break, they will hopefully use my cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. 8. Do you usually go to a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in your lunch hour? Yes No From these answers, I know if the person goes to a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ regularly for lunchtime purposes. 9.Which of the following is most important to you in a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½? (Tick 2) Hot drinks. Snacks- e.g. Sandwiches, cakes, cookies. Hot food- e.g. soup, potatoes.. From these results, it is obvious that people are more interested in hot drinks and snacks then hot foods, therefore hot drinks and snacks are much more important than hot foods. 10. Do you ever buy hot food in a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½? If yes, give an example. If the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ you regularly attend doesnt serve hot food, would you like that to be changed? Yes.. No Would you like change? Yes.. No Yes- Examples of what hot foods they have eaten in cafes: No- Would they like change * Pasta dishes * Potatoes * Salads * Hot chocolate cake * Soups Yes- No- From this question, I can see that people do enjoy hot foods, but they dont find it a necessity and if they do buy hot foods, its usually quite basic choices. The people who attend cafes that dont sell hot food dont seem to be bothered. They dont want change, they are happy without it hot food. This leaves me with a choice, I could either serve hot food, or not. Either way, hopefully I will still attract customers. 11. What is your favourite sandwich? This is an open-ended question and I got various choices as different people like different things. I noticed that the most popular choice was tuna and salad. Cheese and tomato is also quite popular. I know that these two choices of sandwiches should sell well in a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ because they are popular. 12. Do you prefer hot drinks, cold drinks or both? From these results, I can see that people like both hot and cold drinks. Customers like to have the choice. 13. How much would you be willing to pay for: Coffee/ Hot chocolate.. Sandwich Piece of cake Bowl Of Soup Product Average price Coffee/ Hot chocolate à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.05 Sandwich à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.55 Piece of Cake à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.40 Bowl of soup à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.30 From these results, I have an idea on how much customers would be willing to pay for these items. 14. Do you prefer lots of choice or simple e.g. Yellow cheese/Orange cheese or just cheese? Choice. Simple. From these results, it is obvious that people prefer to have choice. Therefore I will make sure to have choice in my cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. 15. Do you feel you can relax in cafes today? Yes No From these results, I can see that people feel relaxed and comfortable in cafes today. 16. Do you think there are too many cafes that are too similar and you would like to see change? People answered this question by saying no, but a few answered by saying that there are many similar cafes, but they dont know how they could be changed and they are happy with the way they are now. So I shouldnt make my cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ too unique because people are happy with the way they are now and they might not want a dramatic change. They may want a traditional normal cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. 18. What would you like to see changed? Not one person wrote anything for this question, which means no one is aware of anything they want changed. Summary I have learnt a lot from doing this questionnaire. It has given me an insight to what people want and it is a useful way to find out how to get lots of customers. By looking at what the people I will be selling to want and by letting them have a say, It means I can use what they have said and actually put the information to use to attract more customers. I have learnt many things on what the customers will want. I have found out who are my prime competitors, I have found out that hot drinks are the most popular and wanted product, I have found out that good quality food and drinks are the most important to people. I will put this information I have found out, along with everything else, into account and this will help me to build a successful business. For future, I could improve my questionnaire by asking more people, because I only asked 10 people which isnt really a big range, and I could ask more questions.

Free Essays on The Magnificent African cake

â€Å"A Berlin Conference was able to tear Africa into shreds and divide her up between three or four imperial flags† -Fanon. In 1884, European imperialists met at the Berlin Conference to â€Å"carve the African cake†. These imperialists had an agenda to not only lay the boundaries and rules for the occupation of the African â€Å"motherland†, but to also bring civilization to the African natives. This great African cake, as it is metaphorically described, was a delightful taste in the mouths of the colonizer. The â€Å"cakeâ€Å", with its abundance of natural resources and raw materials, was decisively cut and partitioned to various European nations. The diplomats drew lines on maps relinquishing foreign lands, mountains, and rivers to one another. The plan was for the colonizers to rule these designated areas as if there were no inhabitants, with no respect for the claims and rights of the native Africans. â€Å"The magnificent African cake† is a documentary about the colonization of the African continent. Despite the dry, monotonous tone of the narrator, the film has a very informative nature and is detailed in its presentation of information. One of the main themes of this cinema is the relationship between that of the colonizer and the colonized. Although there were varying ideals on how a white man should deal with the natives, it was largely a history of harsh oppression. From outright murder and enslavement to unfair economic taxation and exploitative labor situations, the Europeans worked diligently to destroy the spirit of the African peoples. The inhumane and sadistic treatment towards the native people could only be justified by Europeans perceiving Africans as lazy, barbaric savages, who required an oppressor to â€Å"civilize† them. From this massive attempt to destroy the African spirit sprung various reactionary/revolutionary responses from Black A frica. One example is the many Africans turning towards Islam in... Free Essays on The Magnificent African cake Free Essays on The Magnificent African cake â€Å"A Berlin Conference was able to tear Africa into shreds and divide her up between three or four imperial flags† -Fanon. In 1884, European imperialists met at the Berlin Conference to â€Å"carve the African cake†. These imperialists had an agenda to not only lay the boundaries and rules for the occupation of the African â€Å"motherland†, but to also bring civilization to the African natives. This great African cake, as it is metaphorically described, was a delightful taste in the mouths of the colonizer. The â€Å"cakeâ€Å", with its abundance of natural resources and raw materials, was decisively cut and partitioned to various European nations. The diplomats drew lines on maps relinquishing foreign lands, mountains, and rivers to one another. The plan was for the colonizers to rule these designated areas as if there were no inhabitants, with no respect for the claims and rights of the native Africans. â€Å"The magnificent African cake† is a documentary about the colonization of the African continent. Despite the dry, monotonous tone of the narrator, the film has a very informative nature and is detailed in its presentation of information. One of the main themes of this cinema is the relationship between that of the colonizer and the colonized. Although there were varying ideals on how a white man should deal with the natives, it was largely a history of harsh oppression. From outright murder and enslavement to unfair economic taxation and exploitative labor situations, the Europeans worked diligently to destroy the spirit of the African peoples. The inhumane and sadistic treatment towards the native people could only be justified by Europeans perceiving Africans as lazy, barbaric savages, who required an oppressor to â€Å"civilize† them. From this massive attempt to destroy the African spirit sprung various reactionary/revolutionary responses from Black A frica. One example is the many Africans turning towards Islam in...

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Ethics - Essay Example This paper evaluates the two approaches to defining â€Å"ethically bad life†: deontology and teleology. The paper examines each of the two approaches in detail and identifies which of the two can best be used to identify an â€Å"ethically bad life†. The tests the thesis that teleology and the end in question is always the most important thing but it must be done on the backdrop of absolute rules. Deontology The principle of deontology asserts that what is bad and what is good is definite and made up of universal laws which define what is right and what is wrong. The foremost philosopher who propounded the theory of deontology in modern ethics is Immanuel Kant. Kant argued that deontology is â€Å"a moral theory centered around the idea of unconditional duty-based commitment† (Cherkasova, 2012: 2). In other words, what is bad and what is good are absolute. This means that they are definite and they are stated clearly. Thus, an individual taking a decision must r eason and identify what is good and do it. Failure to do what is defined universally as good means an individual has done what is bad. The word deontology is derived from the Greek word â€Å"deon† which means â€Å"duty† (Morrison, 2009). ... Hence, an individual acting in a way and manner that affects a given set of rules has the obligation to identify what is required of him and do it according to the standard of the moral rules and codes. â€Å"Duty is the basic element of all moral actions†, the deontological school of thought assets (Johnstone, 2009: 3). The classical deontology school of thought bases its standard of deriving laws from divine authorities and other spiritual laws (Johnstone, 2009). Thus, what is bad is based on what authoritative religious sources state. Over the years, the deontological school of through grew to embrace nationalistic ethics and systems and today, national laws, moral ethics and international standards form the basis of the definition of â€Å"moral duties† in deontology. Corrigan and Farrell therefore identifies three main features of deontology as a tool for defining what as an ethically bad life (2012). They are: 1. Objectivity: This means that morality is based on u niversal and clear-cut rules and principles and an individual must choose the moral rule that applies in the situation. In this case, the sentiments and/or personal feelings of the individual do not matter. 2. Standardization: Morality sets a standard of what is right and what is wrong. And it applies equally to all people irrespective of their circumstances or situations and hence, what is bad is based on the ability to meet the standard required. Failure to reach the standard makes an act bad. 3. Reasoning: An individual must evaluate all his actions and reason to find what is good and what is bad and do what is good. This is done through critical evaluation of the action and activity (Carr, 2009). Teleology Teleology is an opposite to deontology

Variation of Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Variation of Capitalism - Essay Example This essay declares  with the globalization of management structures and the integration of global economic systems, all the economic systems in the world are supposed to follow a standardized structure, but in actuality that is not the case. There are several variations in the economic structures in the world, as well as in the practices of capitalism.According to the paper findings  the effort of converging to a single and effective type of market economy, from the late 19th century has been diminished by the substantial variations among the dominant firms, practices of employment, supplier-customer relationships. As the global economy continues to become more integrated, the societies having different institutional arrangements will eventually continue to develop and create a variation in the economic systems.  The variations are on the grounds of economic and social capabilities in particular sectors and industries. As a result, a country becomes specialized in one sector b ut lacks in the other. The UK economy in the late 20th century was strong in financial services and architecture; on the other hand, they were weaker in construction and assembly line manufacturing.  The institutional subsidiary systems which govern the capital and labour market shape the capitalist models, and when they act in a calibrated manner they reinforce all the sub systems.  The comparative advantage system creates specific ways to adjust any incoming changes.

Consequences of deception in romantic relationships Dissertation

Consequences of deception in romantic relationships - Dissertation Example When deception is detected, negative emotional reactions result, particularly when the lies exposed are considered to be significant. In Cole’s (2001) study, 256 individuals (128 couples) were used as the research sample. They were asked to complete questionnaires pertaining to their partner’s and their own communication behavior. The aim was to determine the link between the extent of interpersonal communication and the practice of deception. Moreover, the study examined the roles played by causes for deception such as reciprocity, avoidance of punishment, or deceptive fulfilment of the lack of intimacy in their romantic relationship. The use of deception is more frequently found where relational characteristics are at lower levels. Thus, deception appears to be used as a method for coping with relational problems, and greater use of deception is considered to be â€Å"an indicator of overall relational distress† (Cole, 2001, p.125). Cole’s (2001) research study also obtained certain results related to the outcome of deception. Primarily, the best relational outcomes arise from couples avoiding deception while at the same time trusting each other’s fidelity. However, when it becomes known that deception is being practised by one of the partners, there are negative outcomes for everyone involved. When there is a little suspicion, the other partner may be tempted to engage in deception too, thus sending the relationship into a downward spiral. This results in increasing deception by both the individuals, greater suspicion between partners, and progressive deterioration of the romantic relationship. The above study could have been made more useful through a greater focus on the outcomes of deception among the couples where deception was found, thereby providing evidence based results. The research study would need to extend over a longer period of time, to determine how each couple who had experienced deception between them, fared with the passage of time. This is because some couples may reconcile, while others may break up the romantic relationship permanently. In romantic relationships, fidelity is a serious concern for both sexes. Deception by one of the partners can have devastating results on the relationship. When the infidelity comes to light, the betrayed partner’s feelings of being let down can give rise to â€Å"unpleasant emotions including depression, anger, self-reproach and jealousy† (Shackelford, Buss and Bennett, 2002, p.299). Infidelity remains as the most serious cause for the dissolution of a relationship leading to divorce, and breaking up of the relationship is resorted to as the most common solution. On the other hand, not all couples break up their relationship because of a partner’s infidelity. Some individuals try to find out all the details from their unfaithful partner to determine the nature and

Construction And Application Of Linear Accelerators

Construction And Application Of Linear Accelerators A linear accelerator particle is a type of particle which accelerator greatly increases the velocity of charged subatomic particles or ions by subjecting the charged particles to a series of oscillating electric potentials along a linear beam line; this method of particle acceleration was invented in 1928 by Rolf Wideroe. Linear accelerators have many applications, from the generation of X-rays for medical purposes, to being an injector for a higher-energy of accelerators, to the investigation of the properties of subatomic particles. The design of a linear accelerator depends on the type of particle that is being accelerated: electrons, protons or ions. Introduction: The first linear accelerators used only a single stage of acceleration, with a direct current potential providing the energy. This could be provided by a Van de Graaff generator or a voltage multiplier power supply. Such the accelerators are severely limited in accelerating power since at high voltage; energy is lost due to corona discharge with electrical energy dissipated into the surrounding atmosphere. Such devices are still used as ion injectors for other accelerating devices. The accelerating potential in electron volts is equal to the voltage potential between the ion source and the target. The maximum voltage potential relative to the ground potential is generally not limited by the generator but rather by the tendency of voltage potential to leak away due to corona discharge or to suddenly drop due to a spark. While various techniques may be applied to raise this maximum potential the structures required become impractically massive or expensive. The multiple-stage accelerators were limited by the lack of suitable electron tubes capable of operating at high frequency and high power while maintaining both precise frequency and phase control. Various other types of accelerators such as the cyclotron and synchrocyclotron were developed to overcome these limitations. With the development of the high power klystron tube it became practical to continue the development of the linear accelerator, first for use as a high-speed injector for the synchrotron and finally as a high-power accelerator for research use, culminating in the two-mile-long Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC). Construction and Working: It will be consist of following components: (1) The design of the source depends on the particle that is being moved. Electrons are generated by a cold cathode, the hot cathode and photocathode, or radio frequency ion sources. Protons are generated in an ion source, which can have many different designs. If the heavier particles are to be accelerated, e.g. uranium ions and the specialized ion source are needed. (2) A high voltage source for the initial injection of particles. (3) A hollow pipe vacuum chamber. The length will vary with the application. If the device is used for the production of X-rays for inspection or therapy the pipe may be only 0.5 to 1.5 meters long. If the device is to be an injector for a synchrotron it may be about 10 meters long. If the device is used as the primary accelerator for nuclear particle investigations, it may be several thousand meters long. (4) Within the chamber, electrically isolated cylindrical electrodes are placed, whose length varies with the distance along the pipe. The length of each electrode is determined by the frequency and power of the driving power source and the nature of the particle to be accelerated, with shorter segments near the source and longer segments near the target. The mass of the particle has a large effect on the length of the cylindrical electrodes; for e.g. An electron is considerably lighter than a proton and so will generally require a much smaller section of cylindrical electrodes as it accelerates very quickly à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ think about a boulder versus a ping pong ball; it is easier to accelerate the ping pong ball. Likewise, because its mass is so small, even compared to the nucleus of an atom, electrons have much less kinetic energy than protons at the same speed. Because of the possibility of electron emissions from highly charged surfaces, the voltages used in the accelerator have an upper limit, so this cannot be as simple as just increasing voltage to match increased mass. (5) One or more sources of radio frequency energy used to energize the cylindrical electrodes. The very high power accelerator will use one source for each electrode. The sources must operate at precise power, frequency and phase appropriate to the particle type to be accelerated to obtain maximum device power Quadrupole magnets surrounding the linac of the Australian Synchrotron are used to help focus the electron beam (6) An appropriate target the electrons are accelerated to produce X-rays then water cooled tungsten target is used. Various target materials are used when protons or other nuclei are accelerated, depending upon the specific investigation. For particle-to-particle collision investigations the beam may be directed to a pair of storage rings, with the particles kept within the ring by magnetic fields. The beams may then be extracted from the storage rings to create head on particle collisions.As the particle bunch passes through the tube it is unaffected while the frequency of the driving signal and the spacing of the gaps between electrodes are designed so that the maximum voltage differential appears as the particle crosses the gap. This accelerates the particle, imparting energy to it in the form of increased velocity. At speeds near the speed of light, the incremental velocity increase will be small, with the energy appearing as an increase in the mass of the particles. In portions of the accelerator where this occurs, the tubular electrode lengths will be almost constant. (7) The additional magnetic or electrostatic lens elements may be included to ensure that the beam remains in the center of the pipe and its electrodes. (8) The very long accelerators may maintain a precise alignment of their components through the use of servo systems guided by a laser beam. Fig. (1.1) 805MHz SCC LINAC Working: A linear accelerator works on the principle of electric attraction and repulsion. A charged particle such as an electron or a proton is injected into a tube with a similar charge (negative for electrons, positive for protons). Just beyond that tube is another tube with an opposite charge. The particle gets attracted by the far tube, so it moves towards the next tube. Recall that inside a conductor, the electric field is zero therefore the charge of the tube its in doesnt affect it. But when its in the space between the tubes, it experiences an electric field which drives it forward. Just as it hits the next tube, its polarity switches so now its the same as the particle. A third tube, just beyond the second one, gets charged with the opposite polarity, and the same thing happens. This continues on, tube after tube. The particle gets a kick of energy each time it sees a new field, and the electric potential gets converted into kinetic energy. As the particle gets faster, the tubes hav e to get longer; the particle spends the same amount of time in each tube. Obviously, the geometry of the tubes and the frequency with which theyre switched needs to be calculated precisely. Linear accelerators of this type can be many miles long; theyre often long enough that the curvature of the earth needs to be accounted for during their construction. But they can accelerate particles to a significant fraction of the speed of light. Fig. (1.2) 208MHz DT LINAC Fig.(1.3) Applications of LINAC: The LINAC System highly efficient accelerators are ideally suited to many applications in industry, medicine, and research. (1) LINAC Synchrotron Injector is serving as the perfect first stage to other higher energy accelerators. (2) Semiconductor Processing. (3) Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) conventionally uses a nuclear reactor as the neutron source. Our LINAC-based neutron source provides a better controlled neutron energy spectrum, at lower cost, without the concern of radioactive waste associated with a reactor. (4) Isotope Production Our LINACs are ideally suited for isotope production, such as the PET isotopes. (5) Neutron Radiography. (6) Neutron Activation Analysis. (7) Surface Science. (8) Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). (9) Pulsed Neutron Applications is LINAC-based neutron source allows for pulsed neutron beams for applications such as time-of-flight measurements. Uses: A linear accelerator (LINAC) is most commonly used for external beam radiation patients with cancer. It delivers a uniform dose of high-energy x-ray to the region of the patientà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s tumor. These x-rays can destroy the cancer cells, while sparing the surrounding normal tissue. The linear accelerator uses microwave technology to accelerate electrons in a part of the accelerator called the wave guide and then allows these electrons to collide with a heavy metal target. As a result of these collisions, high energy x-rays are scattered from the target. A portion of these x-rays is collected and then shaped to form a beam that matches the patients tumor. The beam comes out of a part of the accelerator called a gantry, which rotates around the patient. The patient lies on a moveable treatment couch and lasers are used to make sure the patient is in the proper position. Radiation can be delivered to the tumor from any angle by rotating the gantry and moving the treatment couch. Fig. (1.4) LINAC Advantages and Disadvantages of linear accelerator: Advantages: Linear accelerator of appropriate design are capable of accelerating heavy ions to energies exceeding those available in ring-type accelerators, which are limited by the strength of the magnetic fields required to maintain the ions on a curved path. The High power LINACs are also being developed for production of electrons at relativistic speeds, required since fast electrons traveling in an arc will lose energy through synchrotron radiation; this is the limits the maximum power that can be imparted to electrons in a synchrotron of given size. LINACs are also capable of prodigious output, producing a nearly continuous stream of particles, whereas a synchrotron will only periodically raise the particles to sufficient energy to merit a shot at the target. The burst can be held or stored in the ring at energy to give the experimental electronics time to work, but the average output current is still limited. The high density of the output makes the LINAC particularly attractive for use in loading storage ring facilities with particles in preparation for particle to particle collisions. The high mass output also makes the device practical for the production of antimatter particles, which are generally difficult to obtain, being only a small fraction of a targets collision products. These may then be stored and further used to study matter-antimatter annihilation. As there are no primary bending magnets, this cost of an accelerator is reduced. Medical grades LINACs accelerate electrons using a complex bending magnet arrangement and a 6-30 million electron-volt potential to treat both benign and malignant disease. The reliability, flexibility and accuracy of the radiation beam produced have largely supplanted cobalt therapy as a treatment tool. The device can simply be powered off when not in use; there is no source requiring heavy shielding. Disadvantages: (1) The device length limits the locations where one may be placed. (2) A great number of driver devices and their associated power supplies are required, increasing the construction and maintenance expense of this portion. (3) The walls of the accelerating cavities are made of normally conducting material and the accelerating fields are large, the wall resistivity converts electric energy into heat quickly. On the other hand superconductors have various limits and are too expensive for very large accelerators. Therefore, high energy accelerators such as SLAC, still the longest in the world, limiting the average current output and forcing the experimental detectors to handle data coming in short bursts. Future Scope: Any of the next generation accelerators will need high power of sources and if accelerating systems that transfer ac power to beam power efficiently. The challenges though span a wide range of technologies and wavelength. From very low frequency cavities used in Muon Colliders (70 MHz) to very high frequency cavities in Multi TeV linear colliders (30 GHz and more), many of the designs are based on experience and where experience is missing, scaling laws are used. How does Breakdown scale with electric field stength, pulse length and frequency? What limits peak power and effciency in modern power sources? The experts in this field should generally try to answer these questions and therefore give guidance to the accelerator designers. Limits on fields, peak powers and efficiencies should therefore be an outcome of the working group. Given the experience in the ongoing RD programs for normal and superconducting cavities the performance achieved today should be described, as well as the limitations and possible cures. The time scale for establishing these cures should be summarized as well. For both, the normal conducting and the superconducting case the subsystems (Modulators, Klystrons, Pulse Compression systems) and cavities should be addressed independently with a description of present status and of the progress being made over the last five years to allow some extrapolation. For the power sources itself, a very active field only partially driven by accelerator builders, future trends and new directions of improvements should be described. This group should also describe the likely spinoffs of these different technologies into other fields, coming out of the technical developments being done in the HEP research environment.

Our American Dream, Our History, Our Lives :: Essays on the American Dream

My great-grandfather moved to this country from Thailand. His lineage situation is a bit confusing considering he is of mixed blood. In those days racism was on a uphill slope, especially in such countries as Taiwan and China, and Japan, that would have been considered blasphemous and it still is today. Today we live in a more enlightened time, being of Taiwanese and Jamaican blood he and his parents were abandoned by his family and outcast among their neighbors. He frequently had to cover his face in cloths and garments just to walk outside. Growing up as an African-American male despite the going enlightenment of our time one cannot escape being an outcast among my own people because of be it color, gender, or sexual orientation. Even some women of color today have to worry about the darkness of their skin, not among other races but among their own. Ignorance at times could have a thoughtless basis but still cause pain. He found solace in, of all places back in the 1940’s, Buffalo, New York and lived there for sixty years before moving to Miami, Florida. He quickly found work in New York’s seedy underbelly as a pimp in the city‘s â€Å"Red Light Districtâ€Å" where people of that profession were commonly found. That is also how he happened to find my great-grandmother, who moved from Panama to achieve the american dream, to get her piece of the pie, with no intentions to work as a prostitute. My great-grandparents today still have no regrets about their past, my great-grandfather puts his life into perspective by stating "Youth is a blunder; Manhood a struggle; Old Age regret." They talked with a wisp of pride in their voices. Not that he regrets everything now in his old age. It is more he regrets ever becoming old. If you see my great-grandfather today, he is dating a forty year old woman, he still feels he is twenty when in actuality he is 87. He loves the mistake s he has made in his youth through the prostitution and drugs, something I as a youth can not be proud of. I have had my own struggles with drugs, with the police, and have contracted many more problems than needed. I regret everyday of my youth, not because I have cut my life short, but because I knew better. So did my great-grandfather.

Be Able to Contribute to Planning Learning Activities Essay

Hello Harry I met you at the Hyatt Hotel in Birmingham and I spoke to your assistant manager about my trip to Malawi. I Hope you are ok! Below is a picture of me and you at villa part in 2010! WOW! I had the most amazing opportunity to volunteer in Ghana for 6 weeks in July, its quiet unbelievable to be given another opportunity to help make people happy again!! BUT!! Every volunteer MUST raise  £800. ALL Money raised goes to projects whilst we are out there etc. I shall be working with Orphans and also teaching mothers how to educate their child. I’m finding it extremely difficult to raise my fundraising target and I have  £635 to go until lively minds (company im going with) are happy with my fundraising, Its totally stressing me out as I have to pay for my own flights too!! Which is an additional  £700 and coming from a single parent family on a council estate is hard, I just want to make myself proud and have a good life This is the only thing that makes me happy, Li fes pretty dull to be honest . But when I’m making others happy and putting smiles on the faces of children who truly have nothing to live for, but keep going and keep fighting their everyday life makes me happy about myself. When I spoke to you before the game you said you woul help me reach my fundraising target. I truly hope that is still possible so i can then the company can lay off my back and I concentrate on raising my flight costs. It would mean the world if you could help me on this quest. To be able to relax and know i am going to Ghana and not telling people â€Å"Maybe depending on if i achieve my fundraising target† would be HARRYmazing!

This essay is a description of Ghandi as he is described in the book The Peguin Reader; Ghandi.

This essay is a description of Ghandi as he is described in the book The Peguin Reader; Ghandi. In the first chapter of the Gandhi Reader, entitled Critique of Modern Civilization, the views of Gandhi are portrayed in an interview style between a reader and an editor. I feel that this style of writing is effective but confusing. I was pretty much reading an entire conversation between two people, and because of the style, I became very confused and disoriented about the text I was reading. The drawn out question answer session became boring and hard to follow. It almost seems that the editor and the reader were going at each other, and even though conflict grabs peoples attention, it drew me away from the what the important facts were.The main focus, as the title suggests, was the critique of modern civilization. The editor seems to me, to be pretty much complaining about everything going on. It's good to have pride in one's country, but I feel that the pride the editor is showing is prejudice.GandhiI mean, the editor talks about home-rule, or swaraj, and how he is a total beli ever of it. Swaraj is a good principle, but I feel that one country, alone, being independent, is not a great equation for success. Take in America's case, our push for independence was based a lot on the feeling of nationality. But if it was not for the British, and its influences, America would not be like it is today. For instance, Congress is based on British Parliament. With out outside influences, a countries views may not be as broad as they would if they would have been weathered and altered because of other views of other nations.The editor portrays himself as almost hateful toward England. In Part 5, the editor continuously bashes England, its people, and its ways. He describes Parliament as a...

Female Circumsicion Essays - Female Genital Mutilation, Free Essays

Female Circumsicion Essays - Female Genital Mutilation, Free Essays Female Circumsicion CULTURE OR TORTURE? Female circumcision, better known as Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), is an ugly monster finally rearing its head from out of the depths of time. It can attack a girl at any age, with a little prompting from her society, and the aid of an unsuspecting human wielding a knife. Usually, it is performed from a few days after birth to puberty, but in some regions, the torture can be put off until just before marriage or the seventh month of pregnancy (Samad, 52). Women that have gone beyond the primary level of education are much less likely to fall victim to the tradition (Men's..., 34). The average victim is illiterate and living in a poverty-stricken community where people face hunger, bad health, over-working, and unclean water (Female..., 1714). This, however, is not always the case. As one can see in the following story of Soraya Mire, social classes create no real barriers. Soraya Mire, a 13-year-old from Mogadishu, Somolia, never knew what would happen to her the day her mother ca lled her out of her room to go buy her some gifts. When asked why, her mother replied, I just want to show you how much I love you. As Soraya got into the car, she wondered where the armed guards were. Being the daughter of a Somolian general, she was always escorted by guards. Despite her mother's promise of gifts, they did not stop at a store, but at a doctor's home. This is your special day, Soraya's mother said. Now you are to become a woman, an important woman. She was ushered into the house and strapped down to an operating table. A local anesthetic was given but it barely blunted the pain as the doctor performed the circumcision. Soraya was sent home an hour later. Soraya broke from her culture's confining bonds at the age of 18 by running away from an abusive arranged marriage. -2- In Switzerland, she was put in a hospital emergency room with severe menstrual cramps because of the operation. Seven months later, the doctor performed reconstructive surgery on her. Now in the U.S., Soraya is a leading spokeswoman against FGM (Bell, 58). In addition to being active in the fight against FGM, she is an American filmmaker. She has come a long way. Being well educated about the facts of FGM also brings to light the ugly truth. It is happening on American soil, insists Soraya. Mutilations are occurring every day among innigrants and refugees in the U.S. (Brownlee, 57). Immigrants have also brought the horrifying practice to Europe, Australia, and Canada (McCarthy, 14). Normally, it is practiced in North and Central Africa (Men's..., 34), the Middle East, and Muslim populations of Indonesia and Malaysia (Female..., 1714). Although it seems to have taken root in Muslim and African Christian religions, there is no Koranic or Biblical backing for FGM (Men's..., 34). Many ti mes female circumcision is treated as a religion in itself. It can be a sacred ritual meant to be kept secret forever. As a woman told poet Mariama Barrie, You are about to enter Society sic}, and you must never reveal the ritual that is about to take place. (Barrie, 54). The ritualistic version of FGM is much more barbaric than the sterile doctor's world that Soraya Mire passed through. Mariama Barrie had to endure the most severe form of FGM at the tender age of ten. Mariama's torture is known as infibulation. There is also excision and sunna. Infibulation consists of the removal of the entire clitoris, the whole of the labia minora and up to 2/3 of the labia majora. The sides of the vulva are sewn or held together by long thorns. A small opening the size of the tip of a matchstick is left for the -3- passage of menstrual blood and urine. Excision is a clitoridectomy and sometimes the removal of the labia minora; Sunna is the only type that can truthfully be called circumcision. It is a subtotal clitoridectomy (Female..., 1714). To put this in perspective, infibulation would be like cutting off a man's penis completely, cutting the testicles to the groin, and making a hole in them to have the semen siphoned

Great Hyperinflations in World History Term Paper

Great Hyperinflations in World History - Term Paper Example Center of discussion in this paper is hyperinflation as a rate of inflation per month that exceeds 50 percent. Episodes of hyperinflations are rare and they do not take â€Å"when money has been commodity-based or when paper money has been convertible into a commodity†. There have been 30 hyperinflations in history. The 30th hyperinflation was supposedly in 2008 in Zimbabwe. The first hyperinflation happened during the French revolution of 1789-96. For Hanke, the most well-known hyperinflation of the 20th century was â€Å"the great German hyperinflation of the 1920s, when the monthly inflation rate peaked approximately 30,000% in October 1923.† Meanwhile, Hanke reported that â€Å"the two most virulent hyperinflations recorded---Hungary (1945-46) and Yugoslavia (1992-924) ---curiously remain little known.† Hanke hypothesized that little is known about the two inflations probably because â€Å"the peak monthly inflation rates were so high as to be incomprehensib le.† According to Hanke, the highest one-day inflation ever recorded was in Hungary in July 10, 1946 when it was 348.46%. Under the Slobodan rule of Milosevic, Yugoslavia recorded the second highest monthly inflation at 313 million percent in January 1994.The hyperinflation which has the reputation of producing the month with the highest inflation was in Hungary in July 1946 but Hanke did not provide the inflation data. In 1988, Morales (1988) reported that the Bolivian hyperinflation of 1984-86 was the only case hyperinflation not associated with a world or civil war. ... Great Inflation of History I. Introduction According to Hanke (2008a, p. 2), hyperinflation is â€Å"defined as a rate of inflation per month that exceeds 50 percent.† Episodes of hyperinflations are rare and they do not take â€Å"when money has been commodity-based or when paper money has been convertible into a commodity† (Hanke, 2008b).There have been 30 hyperinflations in history (Hanke, 2008a). The 30th hyperinflation was supposedly in 2008 in Zimbabwe. The first hyperinflation happened during the French revolution of 1789-96 (Hanke, 2008b). For Hanke (2008b, p. 187), the most well-known hyperinflation of the 20th century was â€Å"the great German hyperinflation of the 1920s, when the monthly inflation rate peaked approximately 30,000% in October 1923.† Meanwhile, Hanke (2008b, p. 186) reported that â€Å"the two most virulent hyperinflations recorded---Hungary (1945-46) and Yugoslavia (1992-924) ---curiously remain little known.† Hanke (2008b, p. 1 86) hypothesized that little is known about the two inflations probably because â€Å"the peak monthly inflation rates were so high as to be incomprehensible.† According to Hanke (2008b), the highest one-day inflation ever recorded was in Hungary in July 10, 1946 when it was 348.46%. Under the Slobodan rule of Milosevic, Yugoslavia recorded the second highest monthly inflation at 313 million percent in January 1994 (Hanke, 2008b).The hyperinflation which has the reputation of producing the month with the highest inflation was in Hungary in July 1946 but Hanke (2008b) did not provide the inflation data. In 1988, Morales (1988) reported that the Bolivian hyperinflation of 1984-86 was the only case hyperinflation not associated with a world or civil war. However,

Equality and Diversity Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Equality and Diversity Policies - Essay Example Although there are varied perceptions of diversity in concept and practice, one compact and comprehensive definition is provided by Esty, et al. (1995), where the authors state that:â€Å"Diversity is acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing, and celebrating differences among people with respect to age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental ability, race, sexual orientation, spiritual practice, and public assistance status.†Diversity management, Foster and Harris (2005) opine, â€Å"Encourages innovative practices in human resource management that values employment relationship by addressing individual needs.† Potentially, employers see immense advantage in deploying demographically diverse workforce.Diversity, as opposed to equal opportunity, extends beyond legislation and focuses more on differences amongst individuals and groups. The liberal perspective has moved the diversity discourse from providing equal opportunities addressing social discriminati on to promoting and managing diversity for societal progress and advantages. Equal opportunities policies often promotes sameness in treatment of individuals; whereas, diversity focuses on managing individual differences for gaining competitive edge. Diversity connotes, gender, age, ethnic background, as well as, non-visible characteristics, like work experience and disability factors (Kersten, 2000). In this context, diverse workgroup is beginning to be recognized for its contributory value to meet organizational objectives, than merely to meet legal. and regulatory aspects. Laflà ¨che (2005) chooses a metaphor â€Å"head and heart† to emphasize the effect of diversity on the inner-workings of an organization. It is another way of saying that the entire enterprise must commit to the cause of diversity in order to make a convincing and lasting change in human resource and team management practices that is seen as consistent and